Business School s Code Of Ethical Behavior - 1395 Words

Barilla Case Ian Gregory 29 January 2017 In accordance with the business school’s Code of Ethical Behavior, I attest that I have not engaged in any acts of plagiarism in completing the assignments. – Ian Gregory Case Issues Barilla was one of the most successful brands of Italian pasta during the time period enumerated in the case. Despite their success, there were a variety of issues that plagued the company. Such issues included fluctuating demand that created a bullwhip effect throughout the supply chain, putting excessive pressure on the corporation. Some of the problems with variable demand may have been related to issues with the sales and promotional methods that the company was undertaking. Trade promotion†¦show more content†¦Failure to do so was inhibiting the implementation of the JITD system and thus allowing problems faced by the company to fester. Supply Chain Issues The foremost of the issues being faced by the company seemed to be related to their supply chain. Forecasting demand, as earlier mentioned, was difficult due to variably. As it stood at the onset of the case neither Barilla nor their distributors had the technology or sophistication in their supply chains to accurately measure the fluctuating demand. Additionally, there were no order limits for distributers, which in conjuncture with the poor forecasting abilities of the company, created strain on the manufacturing process. The use of trade promotion further served to create unsteady demand. To add to these problems most of the distributors seemed to batch their orders; choosing to order on a weekly basis rather than in real time. This method for ordering was at odds with the supermarkets from which the distributors ordered. It is stated in the case that the supermarkets placed daily orders to the distributers biased on items sold during business hours. All of th ese factors decreased the logistical effectiveness of the company. Neither Barilla nor their distributors desired to take on excess inventory to buffer for the demand fluctuation. 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Australia Is A Small Open Economy - 1428 Words

Australia is a small open economy situated in the South Pacific with a population of 24,012,901 (ABS 2016). Australia is classified as a mixed market economy because although the private market makes most economic decisions, government intervention modifies this behaviour through its legislative powers as this gives confindence to government powers to change economic decisions and make it a rule to the people of that country. The People’s Republic of China, with a population of 1.295 billion people (2003), when contrasted to Australia is a much larger economy with a Gross Domestic Product of US$1,000Billion more than Australia’s. China is located to the North of Australia in Asia. In terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) China, with a GDP of US$1657.6 Billion (2004), has a much larger economy than Australia with just over one third the size of China’s at only US$622.7 Billion (2004). Australia’s real GDP growth as a percentage change year on year from 1999-2004 averaged 3.45% and was highest in 1999 at 4.3%. Since Australia is an Advanced Industrialised Economy it has a relatively low inflation rate compared to China which is a Developing Economy with an average growth year on year from 1999-2003 at 8.2% with a peak at 9.4% in 2004. Table 1 ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR AUSTRALIA AND CHINA (2007-2014) (ABS, 2014) Economic Indicator Australia China GDP (US Billion 2004) 622.7 1,657.6 GDP per capita ($US) 30,695 1,270 Exports (% of GDP) 18.6% 34.5% Imports (% of GDP) 22.2%Show MoreRelatedAnalyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy1144 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Analyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy Free trade is the unrestricted purchase and sale of goods and services between countries without the imposition of protection such as tariffs and quotas. 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Environment - How Can You Help Protect It free essay sample

Environment How Can You Help Protect It? BY dhruv6972 Environment how can you help protect it? Our planet is in trouble! Almost every day we seem to hear of yet another problem affecting the environment and what a list of problems! pollution, acid rain, climate change, the destruction of rainforests and other wild habitats, the decline and extinction of thousands of species of animals and plants. and so on. Nowadays, most of us know that these threats exist and that humans have caused them. Many of us are very worried about the future of our planet and unless we can ind a way of solving the problems we have made then the environment will suffer even more. It all sounds so depressing but we certainly mustnt despair! Every one of us, whatever age we are can do something to help slow down and reverse some of the damage. We cannot leave the problem-solving entirely to the experts we all have a responsibility for our environment. We must learn to live in a sustainable way i. e. learn to use our natural resources which include air, freshwater, forests, wildlife, farmland and seas without damaging them. As populations expand and lifestyles hange, we must keep the world in a good condition so that future generations will have the same natural resources that we have. Here are Just a few examples of the threats to our environment and some ideas to help you to do something about them. Waste We humans create such a lot of rubbish! Between 1992 and 2008 household waste increased by 16% and we now produce Just under half a tonne per person each year. Most of this is taken away by dustmen and buried in enormous landfill sites or burned in incinerators both of these actions can be dangerous for the environment. Is all our rubbish really rubbish? If you think about it, much of what we throw away could be used again. It makes sense to reuse and recycle our rubbish instead of Just trying to solve the problem of where to put it! Encouragingly rates of recycling have increased so that we recycle 35 % of our household rubbish, although we could recycle up to 80%. Much of our waste is made up of glass, metal, plastic and paper. Our natural resources such as trees, oil, coal and aluminium are used up in enormous amounts to make these products and the resources will one day be completely used up. We must cut down on energy use. Ideas to Help * Sort out your rubbish. Organic matter e. g. potato peelings, left over food, tea leaves etc. can be transferred straight to a compost heap in the garden and used as a good, natural tertiliser tor the plants Aluminium cans, glass bottles and newspapers etc. are often collected from our doorsteps these days, but other items such as plastic bottles, Juice cartons and cardboard may not be, in which case they can be taken to nearby recycling banks. Find out where they are by asking your local council or library. * Use recycled paper to help save trees. Everyone in Britain uses about 6 trees worth of paper every year. Chlorine bleach is usually used to make ewspapers and this pollutes rivers. Its better to use unbleached, recycled paper whenever you can. * Take your old clothes to charity shops. Some are sold, others are returned to textile mills for recycling. * Try to avoid buying plastic. Its hard to recycle. One way to cut down on plastic is to refuse to use carrier bags offered by supermarkets and use strong, long lasting shopping bags instead, or re-use plastic bags over and over again, until they wear out and then recycle them. Dont buy over-packed goods. Many things we buy have unnecessary amounts of plastic and paper around them. Rainforests Rainforests are valuable habitats. About half of all the species of animals and plants in the world live in rainforests with a possible 50,000 species a year becoming extinct. Thousands of rainforest plants contain substances that can be used in medicines and the tribal people of the fo rests have great knowledge of them. Rainforests are also important because they provide us with oxygen and help to regulate the worlds climate and atmosphere. Yet despite their value, an area of rainforest the size of Britain is destroyed every year. One and a half acres are cleared every second, an area about the size of a ootball pitch. They are cut down to make way for civilised man to provide timber, grow crops and graze cattle. Sometimes theyre burnt down to make space to grow soya, an animal feed and to grow palm oil, a bio-fuel used as an alternative to petrol and diesel, as well as being used as an ingredient in many foods. * Never buy products made up of tropical hardwoods e. g. ahogany and teak. It is better to buy only pine, oak, ash or beech because they can be replaced. * Garden and flower shops sometimes sell rainforest orchids that have been imported, although endangered ones have been protected since 1973. If you buy an orchid, check that it has been grown in Britain. * Some parrots and macaws are unfortunately still imported. If you want a parrot as a pet, make sure it has been hatched in Britain. * Eating a beefburger may be helping to destroy the rainforest! Most burgers in Britain are made from European cattle. However, the cattle are often fed on soya beans and a lot of that comes from Brazil where large areas of forest have been destroyed to make soya fields. Before buying a burger, ask where the cattle came from and what they were fed on. Try a veggie burger for a change! Pollution The air, water and soil of habitats all over the world have been, and are still being polluted in many different ways. This pollution affects the health of living things. Air is damaged by car and lorry fumes, and power stations create acid rain which destroys entire forests and lakes. When fossil fuels i. e. il, gas and coal are burned to provide energy for lighting, cooking etc. they form polluting gases. Oils spills pollute sea water and kill marine life; chemical waste from factories and sewage works, and artificial fertilisers from farmland, pollute river water, killing ildlife and spreading disease. The careless or deliberate dumping of litter in the environment is not only unsightly but dangerous for wi ldlife too. * Dont drop litter. * Use less energy by switching off lights when rooms are not in use, not wasting hot water, not overheating rooms and not boiling more water than necessary when making a cup of tea! Use a bicycle or walk instead of using a car for short trips. * If you spot pollution, such as oil on the beach, report it to the local council. If you suspect a stream is polluted, report it to the local Environmental Health Officer. * If ou use chlorine-based bleach or detergents containing phosphates you are contributing to water pollution. Try to buy environmentally-friendly products which dont contain these. * Organic foods are produced without the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, preventing these pollutants from contaminating habitats and entering the food chain. The Ozone Layer Fifteen to thirty miles above the Earth lies the stratosphere, a broad band of gases and one of these gases is ozone. Its only a small part of the stratosphere but very important because it prevents too many of the suns ultra violet rays from reaching s. Too many ultra violet rays can give us skin cancer and destroy plankton, the important microscopic life in the sea. In the 1980s it was discovered that holes were appearing in the ozone layer above the Antarctic and Arctic. CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, are gases used in the manufacture of aerosols and fridges, are believed have been responsible for destroying the ozone layer. In 1987 the Montreal Protocol was introduced and later signed up to by 120 countries who agreed to half their CFC emissions by the year 2000. We now know that apart from destroying the ozone layer, CFCs contribute ignificantly to the greenhouse effect. Even though they have been banned, their long atmospheric litetime ot 2 00 years will continue to contrib ute to greenhouse effect until they finally are broken down by the sun. If you know of anyone getting rid of an old fridge, tell them that the CFCs can be drained out and recycled contact the local council and they will dispose of the fridge safely. New fridges do not contain CFCs. The Greenhouse Effect Certain gases in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons, act like the glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat he Earths su rface but trapping some of the heat as it radiates back into space. Without this the Earth would be frozen and lifeless. However, owing to Mans activities,greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere, causing a greater amount of heat to be reflected back to Earth. The result is an increase in average world temperatures and is already causing more droughts, flooding and extreme weather conditions such hurricanes. * Dont waste electricity or heat. Electricity and heating are produced by burning coal, oil and gas and this action gives off carbon dioxide. * Car fumes produce arbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide so try to cut down on car Journeys if possible. Use a bike or walk its good exercise for you too! Recycle as much of your waste as you can. Methane, the most effective greenhouse gas, is released into the air as the rubbish in landfill sites rots. *Cut down on how much meat you eat. Meat consumption has risen and farm animals, especially cattle produce methane. Not only that but they are frequently fed soya which is often grown on land where rainforests have been destroyed. We need the rainfores ts to absorb carbon dioxide and remove it from the air. Endangered Habitats and their Wildlife Wild habitats all over the world are fast disappearing. Forests are being cut down, rivers and seas polluted, heathlands built on, hedgerows pulled up, ponds filled in the destruction seems endless. As the habitats decrease, so do their communities of animals and plants. Habitat destruction is one of the main reasons why many species face extinction. Habitats are commonly split up and animals cant get from one part to another, unless wildlife corridors are provided. Other reasons for their demise include the hunting of animals and collection of plants. Now they are facing a new hreat, that of climate change. A report by the International Union for Conservation of Natures (IUCN) shows nearly one third of amphibians, more than one in eight birds and nearly a quarter of mammals are threatened witn extinction 9 species are already described as being extinct or extinct in the wild, i. e. disappeared from the earth forever. * In many countries souvenirs made from rare wildlife are available never buy shells, coral or things made from elephant ivory, rhino horn or cat skin etc. * Try to reduce your carbon footprint. * Remember that British habitats and wildlife are under threat too. The estruction of wood land, pollution of rivers and ponds, the use of pesticides and herbicides have all contributed to the reduction in the amount of wildlife in Britain. Many animals and plants are endangered e. g. red squirrels, otters, barn owls, golden eagles, natterjack toads, many species of butterflies and dragonflies, orchids to name Just a few. If you have a garden at home, you could transform it into a mini nature reserve for wildlife. The same could be done in your school grounds. Here are Just a few ideas to create a wildlife garden:- 1. Make a pond. Even A small pond will attract frogs and toads etc. Birds and foxes may use it for drinking. 2. Make a wildflower meadow. Wildflower plants and seeds may be bought from garden suppliers and, if planted correctly, a colourful meadow will result, attracting birds, butterflies and other insects. 3. Provide logs and stones and allow a few autumn leaves to remain lying around. These provide shelter for minibeasts and perhaps small mammals such as shrews and mice. An over-neat garden will not be attractive to wildlife. 4. Feed the birds during winter and put up nest boxes for robins and blue tits etc. to use in spring. 5. If your garden is big enough, you could plant a small wood. Always grow native trees such as oak, ash or birch these attract more insects than foreign trees. 6. Hedgehogs are useful to have in the garden as they eat slugs. Encourage them to stay by providing them with tinned cat or dog meat, water and a safe place to hibernate in winter, such as a pile of logs, stuffed with hay and leaves. 7. Avoid using chemical sprays in the garden some of these can be poisonous to wildlife. Its best to let the birds eat the cabbage-munching caterpillars, the hedgehogs and toads deal with the lettuce-loving slugs and the ladybirds dine on the rose-ravaging greenfly!

Morals of Euthanasia Essay Example

Morals of Euthanasia Essay Dena Furey Euthanasia March 8, 2013 Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of purposely making or helping someone die, instead of allowing nature to take its course. Basically, euthanasia means killing in the name of compassion. Often surrounded by heated arguments from both those in favor of and those against the practice, human euthanasia spurs the most conflict within political circles, differing cultural and religious attitudes, and the health care system. I will be defending Tom L. Beauchamp’s theory that euthanasia is ethically moral and sometimes permissible. Beauchamp’s theory states that if voluntary passive euthanasia is sometimes permissible, then voluntary active euthanasia is sometimes permissible. Voluntary passive euthanasia is when a patient refuses treatment, such as a do not resuscitate (DNR) order. Voluntary active euthanasia is when a patient requests treatment, such a lethal dose. Beauchamp has a negative and positive thesis to his theory. They are: * Negative thesis-you cannot condemn physician assisted suicide by merely invoking the position of letting die and killing. Positive thesis-physician assisted suicide is permissible when you’re not only not doing any harm but also have a valid authorization from the patient. The first part of Beauchamp’s thesis deals with the distinction between letting die and killing. Opposers of Beauchamp’s thesis state that voluntary passive euthanasia (DNR) is permissible because you are letting the patient die, whereas voluntary active euthanasia (lethal dose) is killing the patient. Beauchamp thinks there is a problem with the definition of letting die and killing and that we need to make a clear distinction between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Morals of Euthanasia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Morals of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Morals of Euthanasia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Beauchamp presents a few ways we might be able to make that distinction. They are as follows: * Intentions-an act is a killing if and only if it is an intended death, you can foresee the consequences of your actions. Beauchamp presents a challenge to this. A DNR can be seen as an intended killing because the health care practitioner can foresee the consequences, and it could be interpreted as killing the patient if they do not revive him. Another example could be a drunken driving case. When a person drives drunk they do not intend to kill someone, is that now not considered a killing. So, Beauchamp thinks this definition of killing is wrong. * Wrongfulness-an act is a killing if and only if it is a wrongful death. Beauchamp presents a challenge to this. A DNR is considered not wrongful, but a lethal dose is wrongful, but going against a patient’s wishes could be considered wrongful in the lethal dose case. What is considered wrongful, that is what we are trying to answer. So, our conclusion is in our question, it makes a circular argument. Beauchamp thinks this definition of killing is wrong. Causation-an act is a killing if and only if an agent as opposed to an underlying condition causes death. Beauchamp offers an example to show the problem with the causal theory. A policeman is hurt in the line of duty and placed on life support. A mafia guy who wants the policemen dead comes in and pulls the plug, which in turn causes the policeman to die. In this case, what the mafia guy did was not wrong because the policeman died of natural causes. It was the underl ying condition that caused the policeman’s death, not the mafia guy. Is this acceptable? One opponent to Beauchamp, Bernard Gert, says he wants to hold onto the causal theory. He thinks the mafia guy did wrong because he did not have a valid refusal of treatment from the policeman, such as a DNR. Beauchamp offers an answer to Gert showing how the causal theory is still a wrong definition of killing and letting die. It was not really the letting die of the policeman that was important to Gert; it was the refusal of valid authorization to pull the plug which made it a killing. So, if what Gert thinks is pivotal is what the patient wants, then why is a lethal dose request by the patient considered a killing and not a letting die. Beauchamp thinks the causal theory does not work. The conclusion to all these theories is that even if you can make a distinction between letting die and killing it still will not make a difference morally. The positive part of Beauchamp’s thesis states that physician assisted suicide is permissible when you’re not only not doing any harm but also have a valid authorization from the patient. Let’s establish what a valid authorization is. Beauchamp says a valid authorization is a request from someone with the authority to make a decision and it needs to be done freely and autonomous. I feel as though in the case of a lethal dose a little more needs to be added to the valid authorization. I think it should also include that the diagnosis given be terminal, the decision should not be made at the time of the diagnosis but after thinking everything over and it should be an enduring, voluntary, and competent informed decision, not co-erced in any way. The patient’s suffering should be unbearable, that there is no way of making that suffering bearable that is acceptable to the patient, and the physician’s judgments as to the diagnosis and prognosis were confirmed after consultation with another physician. Beauchamp’s position on the moral ethics of a lethal dose say that 1) we should abandon the letting die and killing distinction, 2) when it is wrong to cause death, what makes it wrong?. 3) The answer to that question is unjustified harm. For instance in the mafia example, the mafia guy did wrong because he did unjustified harm and did not act in the will of the patient. In conclusion, when voluntary active euthanasia would do no harm and there is a valid authorization, it is not wrong. There are, however, some well-known objections to human euthanasia. The oath a health care practitioner takes in one objection. I feel as though the oath needs to be changed to reflect modern society and medical practice. The world has changed since the oath was first written, as have ethical codes of conduct. Another objection is the slippery slope argument. People think that once the government steps in and starts killing its citizens, a dangerous precedent has been set. The concern is that a society that allows voluntary euthanasia will gradually change its attitudes to include non-voluntary euthanasia and involuntary euthanasia. Although this does present the need for more regulation and control of euthanasia, history has clearly demonstrated that any law or system can be abused. Also, what reason is there to believe that someone’s support for voluntary euthanasia be psychologically driven to practice non-voluntary euthanasia. Palliative care has been a favored alternative to euthanasia but thus still presents the issue of quality of life. When choosing palliative care over physician assisted suicide I think it would be important to ask whether life will be enjoyed and not simply tolerable. To get the best palliative care requires trial and error with some suffering in the process. Even high quality palliative care comes with side effects such as nausea, loss of awareness because of drowsiness, and so on. Where voluntary euthanasia is not tolerated, giving large doses of opioids to relieve pain in the knowledge that this will also end life is tolerable. In situations where palliative care can only guarantee a life that is tolerable, I think euthanasia is a legitimate option. Opponents to euthanasia state that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person. Every person has these rights; however, if a person has the right to life, then they should have the right to die. Everyone should have the same control in choosing the way they die as they do in which they live. It is unfair to decide whether one should live with pain and agony, knowing full well that they have a terminal illness from which there is no known recovery. In the past, the doctor was a person who was a friend. Now a doctor is a stranger who combats diseases, but she is not always your friend. What will never change is their struggle against death. However, they’re job is not only to prevent death but to improve they’re patient’s quality of life. Many times there is nothing a doctor can do to prevent a patient from dying if the patient has a terminal disease; all she can do is wait for death to arrive. I think and believe that it is everyone’s right to determine the amount of suffering they can endure in their lifetime. It should not be up to fellow society members to decide what they must endure because of differing viewpoints on who is responsible for their life. I do not tell anyone how to live, so do not tell me how to die. Death could be a choice that you might not make, but a choice that someone else can have. Dena Furey Euthanasia March 8, 2013 Bibliography Page Beauchamp, Tom L. â€Å"Justifying Physician-Assisted Suicide†, Ethics in Practice. 3rd ed. Ed. Hugh LaFollette. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. , 2007. 72-79. Print.